Trajan's Column

The Trajan’s Column stands in the heart of Trajan’s Forum, north of the Roman Forum, as a monument to Emperor Trajan’s victories in the Dacian Wars. Built under the direction of the architect Apollodorus of Damascus, it was completed in the 2nd century AD. The column rises about 30 metres from its pedestal, with a spiral frieze winding 23 times around its shaft. Inside, a staircase of 185 steps leads to a viewing platform at the top. The relief depicts 155 scenes with 2,662 figures, showing Trajan’s campaigns in detail. The frieze portrays two key military campaigns against the Dacians, with Trajan himself appearing 58 times. Scenes include battles, ceremonies, and construction work, avoiding graphic violence while emphasising order and discipline. The column also served as a historical record, showing Roman and Dacian arms, ships, and costumes. Scholars note the careful distinction between Roman soldiers and their enemies, as well as the rare inclusion of women in a war monument. Today, the column remains the focal point of Trajan’s Forum, flanked by two libraries that once held Latin and Greek scrolls. The libraries provided elevated platforms for viewing the frieze more closely. Though isolated now, the column once formed part of an impressive complex, reinforcing Trajan’s legacy through architecture and propaganda. The surrounding buildings and open space would have made it a striking sight for visitors.